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Every research process, whatever the discipline it belongs to, begins with a question leading to some hypothesis. After designing the research under that topic, data are collected, analyzed and finally reserch question is answered with a descriptive statement.

THE IDEA FOR RESEARCH

In most cases; while students are required to write a report representing their theis or doctoral dissertation as a part of their academic preparation program, well-articulated guidelines for research are not available for them. Also, a student with little research experience is frightened in the first place by these statements: "Thesis must be an original contribution to the field" and "Is this (idea) enough to be a thesis?". Early student research projects should be viewed primarily as learning experiences not as an examination of competency. The point of view of an experienced researcher to a subject differs from a beginning researcher. Experienced researcher may note the gaps exist in the information presented in an article and may improve the lack of information by making a future research about that subject. Building on someone's work does not reduce the value of the researcher's work.

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

There are two basic concepts as the assumptions of science: determinism and finite causation. Determinism has the assumption that "there is lawfulness in the events of nature as opposed to capricious, chaotic, or spontaneous occurances. Every natural event (phenomenon) is assumed to have a cause, and if that causal situation could be exactly reinstituted, the event would be duplicated." Finite involves the idea that "every natural event or phenomenon has a discoverable and limited number of conditions or factors which are responsible for it." Concerning the occurance of natural events, determinism presumes that there is a certain level of predictability. Finite causation presumes that everything in nature is not influenced by everything else. Thus, a given behaviour can be thought of as occuring, with a given probability, as a function of the treatment. The scientific method has been characterized as a sequence of events or activities that are initiated at a given point and proceed through several steps in a given order. The scientific method discussed in this book has three broad areas of activity: the problem, the data, the inference.

THE PROBLEM

The process of finding what research idea is to be studied refers to the problem identification and the process of refining the problem so that it is appropriate to research refers to the problem distillation. Kerlinger (1973) discussed problem identification with respect to what he called a notion of "problem-obstacle-idea". "The problem is often generated by an obstacle to understanding." A problem may be determined by researchers as they ask how or why a given phenomenon occurs as the researchers read the work of others. Sidman (1960) asserted that research should be conducted to (a) try out new methods or techniques, (b) indulge the investigator's curiosity, (c) establish the existence of behavioral phenomena, and (d) explore the conditions under which phenomena occur. Problem identification is the result of a gap, lack of knowledge in the existing information in an area. Then problem distillation comes as a continious process. They are not apart from each other. After distilling the general problem in a vast area, the process of problem specification started with a precise study. It is possible to study the general types of questions in terms of three basic categories: descriptive, difference and relationship. Descriptive studies are static and are frequently undertaken in surveys and essentially ask what is, difference questions make comparisons and ask the question, Is there a difference, relationship questions explore the degree of relations that two or more phenomena have. So determining the type of question is important for problem specification. Furhermore problem specification is important for both experimental research and nonexperimental research. Another important task regarding to problem distillation is operational definition. Anderson (1966) stated that "all terms in a descriptive statement must be carefully defined in terms of the steps (operations) that were carried out in the observation or measurement of their referents". Each aspect of the problem must be operationally defined to fully distill the problem. The distillation process has two basic stages: (a) specification of the experimental variable, and (b9 complete operational definition of all necessary terms. The beginning student often forms an idea of the scientific method primarily hypothesis-formulation point of view. The hypothesis a is theoretical conceptualization or the idea of the researcher regarding how he/she thinks the results will look, thus linking data to theory. From a pragmatic point of view, hypothesis are used primarily in research for statistical testing and problem distillation while prediction of a directional hypothesis becomes functional in the context of theory development. Hypothesis have also a considerable value in the process of teaching by helping the beginning research students how to conduct research. The sequence of the scientific method essentially places problem issues before data issues.

THE DATA

Before initiating data collection, planning of how it is to be gathered has to be made. The more clear the problem, the easier the data-related planning. The subjects in the study and the stability of measures being used in the research influence the reliability of data. In many investigations data are collected via observation. Planning or design aspects of the data are extremely important functional dimensions of the scientific method. Collection of the data is the actual execution of the research and it involves data recording. It may be a qustionnaire, an interview or an experimental task. The research experience is become visible when it is time to plan, design, collect and record the data. Once the data are collected, they will be analyzed by selecting the appropriate analysis method.

THE INFERENCE

After the data are analyzed and the study is completed, data interpretation and inference has begun. It is the intuitive process by which the researcher derives a descriptive statement from the data: it is the explanation of results, it translates numbers via writing.computerized controls are examples of emerging specializations.

This document is a summary by Yavuz SUYOLCU of "DESIGNING AND CONDUCTING BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; Clifford J.DREW, Micheak L. HARDMAN"


	the research process: yavuz suyolcu : 05122001
	Every research process, whatever the discipline it belongs to, begins with a question leading to some hypothesis. After designing the research under that topic, data are collected, analyzed and finally reserch question is answered with a descriptive statement. THE IDEA FOR RESEARCH In most cases; while students are required to write a report representing their theis or doctoral dissertation as a part of their academic preparation program, well-articulated guidelines for research are not available for them. Also, a student with little research experience is frightened in the first place by these statements: "Thesis must be an original contribution to the field" and "Is this (idea) enough to be a thesis?". Early student research projects should be viewed primarily as learning experiences not as an examination of competency. The point of view of an experienced researcher to a subject differs from a beginning researcher. Experienced researcher may note the gaps exist in the information presented in an article and may improve the lack of information by making a future research about that subject. Building on someone's work does not reduce the value of the researcher's work. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD There are two basic concepts as the assumptions of science: determinism and finite causation. Determinism has the assumption that "there is lawfulness in the events of nature as opposed to capricious, chaotic, or spontaneous occurances. Every natural event (phenomenon) is assumed to have a cause, and if that causal situation could be exactly reinstituted, the event would be duplicated." Finite involves the idea that "every natural event or phenomenon has a discoverable and limited number of conditions or factors which are responsible for it." Concerning the occurance of natural events, determinism presumes that there is a certain level of predictability. Finite causation presumes that everything in nature is not influenced by everything else. Thus, a given behaviour can be thought of as occuring, with a given probability, as a function of the treatment. The scientific method has been characterized as a sequence of events or activities that are initiated at a given point and proceed through several steps in a given order. The scientific method discussed in this book has three broad areas of activity: the problem, the data, the inference. THE PROBLEM The process of finding what research idea is to be studied refers to the problem identification and the process of refining the problem so that it is appropriate to research refers to the problem distillation. Kerlinger (1973) discussed problem identification with respect to what he called a notion of "problem-obstacle-idea". "The problem is often generated by an obstacle to understanding." A problem may be determined by researchers as they ask how or why a given phenomenon occurs as the researchers read the work of others. Sidman (1960) asserted that research should be conducted to (a) try out new methods or techniques, (b) indulge the investigator's curiosity, (c) establish the existence of behavioral phenomena, and (d) explore the conditions under which phenomena occur. Problem identification is the result of a gap, lack of knowledge in the existing information in an area. Then problem distillation comes as a continious process. They are not apart from each other. After distilling the general problem in a vast area, the process of problem specification started with a precise study. It is possible to study the general types of questions in terms of three basic categories: descriptive, difference and relationship. Descriptive studies are static and are frequently undertaken in surveys and essentially ask what is, difference questions make comparisons and ask the question, Is there a difference, relationship questions explore the degree of relations that two or more phenomena have. So determining the type of question is important for problem specification. Furhermore problem specification is important for both experimental research and nonexperimental research. Another important task regarding to problem distillation is operational definition. Anderson (1966) stated that "all terms in a descriptive statement must be carefully defined in terms of the steps (operations) that were carried out in the observation or measurement of their referents". Each aspect of the problem must be operationally defined to fully distill the problem. The distillation process has two basic stages: (a) specification of the experimental variable, and (b9 complete operational definition of all necessary terms. The beginning student often forms an idea of the scientific method primarily hypothesis-formulation point of view. The hypothesis a is theoretical conceptualization or the idea of the researcher regarding how he/she thinks the results will look, thus linking data to theory. From a pragmatic point of view, hypothesis are used primarily in research for statistical testing and problem distillation while prediction of a directional hypothesis becomes functional in the context of theory development. Hypothesis have also a considerable value in the process of teaching by helping the beginning research students how to conduct research. The sequence of the scientific method essentially places problem issues before data issues. THE DATA Before initiating data collection, planning of how it is to be gathered has to be made. The more clear the problem, the easier the data-related planning. The subjects in the study and the stability of measures being used in the research influence the reliability of data. In many investigations data are collected via observation. Planning or design aspects of the data are extremely important functional dimensions of the scientific method. Collection of the data is the actual execution of the research and it involves data recording. It may be a qustionnaire, an interview or an experimental task. The research experience is become visible when it is time to plan, design, collect and record the data. Once the data are collected, they will be analyzed by selecting the appropriate analysis method. THE INFERENCE After the data are analyzed and the study is completed, data interpretation and inference has begun. It is the intuitive process by which the researcher derives a descriptive statement from the data: it is the explanation of results, it translates numbers via writing.computerized controls are examples of emerging specializations. This document is a summary by Yavuz SUYOLCU of "DESIGNING AND CONDUCTING BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; Clifford J.DREW, Micheak L. HARDMAN"